Charge Injection Device (CID) cameras have been in use since the early 1970's, but it has only been in the last several years that knowledge and experience have combined for a broader understanding of the technology and how to more fully apply it. 自从20世纪70年代CID电荷注入式设备检测器就已经被使用，但只是最近几年对其技术才有了更明确的理解以及怎样更全面的应用他的经验。
The CID concept was originated by scientists at General Electric Company working to devise a semiconductor memory chip. Exploiting the photosensitive characteristics of silicon, they developed a simple X,Y addressable array of photosensitive capacitor elements, and evolved the first CID camera in 1972. Development efforts continued through the 70's and 80's resulting in the generation of some 30 patents describing the basic structure and readout techniques presently employed. CIDTEC was established when management took the business private through a leveraged buyout in July of 1987. CID的概念最早是由通用电气公司设计半导体芯片的科学家们发明。采用Si的感光性特征，他们开发了一种简单的感光电容原理的X、Y（平面的）可设定地址的阵列，进而在1972年开发了第一个CID的相机。70年代和80年代不停的努力最终发明了现在采用的基本结构和读书技术的30多个专利。1987年7月通过杠杆买卖建立了CIDTEC这个公司。
Every pixel in a CID array can be individually addressed via electrical indexing of row and column electrodes. Unlike Charge Coupled Device (CCD) cameras which transfer collected charge out of the pixel during readout (and hence erase the image stored on the sensor), charge does not transfer from site to site in the CID array. Instead, a displacement current proportional to the stored signal charge is read when charge "packets" are shifted between capacitors within individually selected pixels. The displacement current is amplified, converted to a voltage, and fed to the outside world as part of a composite video signal or digitized signal. Readout is non-destructive because the charge remains intact in the pixel after the signal level has been determined. To clear the array for new frame integration, the row and column electrodes in each pixel are momentarily switched to ground releasing, or "injecting" the charge into the substrate. CID阵列上的每个像素可以单独通过行列电极的电子标定指数来寻址。不像CCD(电荷耦合式设备)在读书的时候会将像素中收集的电荷转移，电荷不会在CID阵列的点到点转移。在电荷信息包在独立所选择的像素中的电容之间移动的时候，和所存储的信息电荷成正比的移位电流被读取。移位电流被放大，转换成为电压，作为部分复合视频信号或者数字信号输送给外部世界。由于信号电平被测定以后电荷完整无缺的保留在像素中，所以其读书是非破坏性的。要对新的帧进行几分而清除阵列，每个像素上的行和列电极就会即可切换到接地释放，或者“注射”电荷到底层。
This principle of operation makes CID technology fundamentally different from other imaging techniques, giving rise to a number of technical advantages that can be used to solve imaging problems. For instance, the nondestructive readout capability of CID cameras makes it possible to introduce a high degree of exposure control to low-light viewing of static scenes. By suspending the charge injection, the user initiates "multiple-frame integration" (time-lapse exposure) and can view the image until theoptimum exposure develops. Integration may proceed for milliseconds or up to several hours with the addition of sensor cooling, applied to retard accumulation of thermally-generated dark current. Controlled integration is useful for scientific and photographic applications, especially in astronomy. 这种操作原理是的CID技术根本不同于其他成像技术，具有许多可以解决成像问题的技术优点。例如，CID照相机的非破坏性读书能力使得其可以传入高度曝光控制到静物的低光度观察。通过悬置电荷注射，使用者可以初始化多帧积分（延时曝光）同时能够在找到最佳曝光的时候再来观看图像。积分可以从毫秒高到几个小时（此时需要额外冷却检测器用来阻止有热所产生的） 暗电流的累积）。控制积分对于科学和照相应用特别是天文学非常有用。
At brighter intensities, "blooming" and "smearing" describe the distortion in an image that can occur when solid-state video cameras are exposed to concentrated, non-uniform light as in the images below. 对于较明亮的光强，溢出和托尾效应讲的就是图像的扭曲，在固态视频照相机受到集中的、非一致的光的照射的时候。
Charge can spill from oversaturated elements to adjoining pixels, or the shift registers (charge transfer mechanisms) during readout, eradicating portions of the image. By contrast, CID imagers are more tolerant to intense light because optical overloads are confined to illuminated pixels. Charge is not exported from the pixel collectors, so the structure offers no paths along which overloads can propagate, and radial spreading of charge is minimized as the excess is drawn into the underlying charge collector. This inherent antiblooming performance ensures accurate image detail even under extreme lighting conditions, so CID cameras have been used effectively for missile tracking, semiconductor pattern recognition, and factory inspection where reflections and the appearance of bright objects give rise to brilliant light intensities within a properly exposed image. 在读数的时候电荷会从过度饱和的单元溢出到邻近的像素或者位移寄存器(电荷转移原理)，根除了部分图像。相反，CID图像更能够容忍强光，是由于光学过载在被照亮的像素上受到控制，电荷不会从像素集电极输出，因此其结构不提供繁殖过载的路径，电荷的径向铺展由于过量的电荷被引导到下置的电荷集电极而被缩小。这种固有的抗溢出能力保证了即便是在极端照明的条件下都有精确的图像，因此CID照相机已经有效的用于导弹追踪，半导体式样的鉴别，以及明亮物体的反射和出现引起在适当曝光的图像中的检验。
The contiguous pixel structure of CID arrays further contributes to accurate imaging because there are virtually no opaque areas between pixels where image detail can be lost. This attribute is important for applications where precise dimensional data is critical, particularly in the determination of object edges for inspection, measurement, positioning, and tracking. Employing interpixel processing techniques, CID cameras are currently utilized in precision gauging equipment performing measurements accurately to half a micron. CID阵列中的像素毗邻结构事实上没有可能损失图像细节的不透明区域而使图像更加精确。这一点对于在尺寸数据精确度非常严格的地方非常有用，特别是检查、测试、定位和追踪物体的边缘测定的时候。采用像素之间的处理技术，CID照相机目前普遍用于要求精确到半微米的设备的计量中。
The uniform topological structure of the imagers provides homogeneous pixel-to-pixel response to coherent illumination for more accurate reproduction of laser profiles; ideal for beam diagnostics and analysis. CID sensors also offer wide spectral response, from 200 to 1100 nanometers, allowing capture of images produced by light sources ranging from UV to the near IR. And the PMOS structure reduces the effect of radiation on sensor operation, making CID's less vulnerable to disruption in low-level radiation environments than NMOS devices (structure used in many CCD's). Radiation hardened CID's are currently employed in nuclear power, industrial X-ray, scientific, and space applications. They are also applied in several classified military programs. 照相机独特的拓扑结构给激光轮廓的更精确重现的连贯照明提供了均一的像素到像素的相应；非常理想来用于光束诊断和分析。CID检测器同时提供了宽的光谱响应，从200到1100nm，允许捕捉从紫外到近红外的光源产生的图像。而且其PMOS结构降低了检测器发热的效应，使得CID比NMOS结构的CCD受到来自低强度发光环境中的破坏攻击更少。（NMOS结构用于许多CCD）。辐射稳定的CID目前用于核能、工业X射线，科学以及空间方面的应用。同时也用于几种机密的军工项目。
Since each pixel in the CID array can be addressed individually, flexible readout and processing options are made possible. For example, "Progressive Scan" readout enables real-time processing by eliminating the delay required to combine odd and even fields (2:1 Interlace scanning). Instead, lines are read sequentially (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) allowing an image processor to analyze the latest row of video information while readout continues to the next line. The 60 frame per second output of these cameras provides high-speed operation without sacrificing RS-170 compatibility, so they interface with RS-170 frame-buffers, TV monitors, and VCR's. 有CID中的每个像素都可以单独寻址，因此可以弹性的读数和选择处理。例如，循序扫描读数允许通过去除用于结合奇偶场（2：1交错扫描）的延迟来实时处理。相反，顺序的读取行（1，2，3，4等等）允许图像处理器在继续读取下一行的时候分析最近一行的视频信息。这些相机每秒60帧的输出提供了高速的操作而同时不用牺牲RS-170的兼容性，因此其兼容RS-170帧缓冲器，TV显示器和录像机。
For more efficient computer interfacing, binary format CID arrays (512 X 512, 256 X256, 128 X 128) are available to match standard memory formats. Their square pixels simplify computational algorithms, reducing processing complexity. Cameras incorporating these arrays are designed with advanced features that maximize image processing capabilities, so some models do not adhere to the limiting RS-170 timing standards established for broadcast TV. However, several different vendors now offer interface boards that integrate these cameras with RS-170 system components such as TV monitors and recording equipment. 为了更有效联接的计算机界面，可使用二元格式的CID阵列（512*512， 256*256， 128*128）来匹配标准记忆格式。其正方形的像素简化了计算的运算法则，降低了处理的复杂性。含有这些阵列的照相机设计有高级功能，可以最大化图像处理能力，因此某些型号不支持限制性的用于广播电视的RS-170定时标准。但是有几家不同的厂商现在提供继承了这些照相机和RS-170系统元件的界面卡。
Progressive scanning also opens the door to a number of CID camera features that expand the range of user options. For instance, in applications where full frame resolution is not required, but faster capture is, "Frame Reset" allows camera users to decrease vertical frame size for higher frame rates. With fewer lines to read, "shorter" frames can be read out faster. Frame Reset ends frames under user control by resetting the camera for new frame scanning. 循序扫描同时开启了可以扩展用户选择范围的许多CID照相机的功能的大门。例如，在不需要全帧分辨但是需要更快捕捉的应用领域，“帧复位”是的照相机使用者可以降低垂直帧尺寸而取得更高的帧速率。如果降低要读取得的行，那么就可以更快速的读取“更短的”帧。帧复位在用户通过重新设定照相机用于新的帧扫描的控制情况下结束。
For applications where only small regions in the field of view require attention at any given time, the "Rapid Scan" feature allows the user to isolate multiple areas of interest, or "windows" for readout at normal rates while scanning at a very high rate between windows. The selective data extraction speeds readout and reduces data volume, facilitating high-speed processing. This capability is especially powerful for target acquisition where several objects must be tracked individually, at rates up to several hundred images per second as they move through the field of view. Windowing is also used for high-speed inspection where specific sections of a pharmaceutical bottle, for example, are read out for processing to check cap placement or verify expiration dates and lot codes. 对于在任意给定的时间内需要注意观看的区域很小的时候，“快速扫描”功能允许用户隔离感兴趣的多个区域，或者“窗口”来以正常的速率读数，同时在窗口之间以非常高的速度扫描。这种选择性的数据提取加速了读数，降低了数据容量，方便了高速处理。这种功能对于单独追踪几个不同的物体，同时以速度高达每秒几百像通过观察场的时候非常有用。显示或提取全部数据库图像中的一部分的过程（窗口）也用于高速观察制药瓶的具体部位，例如，读取检查盖帽定位或者查证呼气时间和标签代码。
Available Random Access CID arrays (RACID's) further extend user control by providing the capability to address specific pixels in any sequence for selective readout at maximum scanning rates. Readout sequence is software controlled. RACID's are successfully employed in star tracking and celestial navigation applications where only designated stars within the canopy of space are read and processed for positional vectoring. 任意存取CID阵列（RACID）进一步拓宽了用户控制，通过提供在最大的扫描速率的时候以任意顺序选择性的读数来寻址规定的像素。读取顺序通过软件控制。RACID已经成功的应用于恒星追踪，天体导航应用，此时，指定的星体可以定位引导的读取和处理。
The stop motion or "freeze frame" capability of CID cameras enables them to accurately capture and read asynchronous high-speed events. CID operation allows image capture to proceed independent of camera timing, so the user times the camera to the event instead of timing the event to the camera's "vertical blanking interval" (period between frames when scanning returns to the top of the array in preparation for new frame readout). CID照相机的“冻结帧”或者止动装置能力使得其能够精确的捕捉并读取不同时的高速时间。CID运算允许独立于照相机计时来捕获和处理图像，故用户可以定时照相机来捕捉事件，而不是定时事件来给照相机的“垂直熄灭间隔”（帧与帧之间的间隔时间，扫描返回到阵列的上端来准备读取新的帧。）
As the bottle travels down the production line, a vision system senses when it has moved into position within the camera's field of view and engages the Inject Inhibit feature. Sensor scanning continues, but readout is suspended allowing integration to continue uninterrupted. The vision system fires a strobe at the appropriate moment and the image of the bottle is captured on the sensor. At the onset of the vertical blanking interval, Inject Inhibit is released returning the camera to normal operation. Readout of the captured image proceeds at the completion of blanking as new frame scanning begins. Asynchronous image capture is achieved by utilizing the Inject Inhibit function to "hold" the image momentarily until scanning of the next full frame begins, allowing readout of the complete image. 随着瓶子沿着生产线往下走，在瓶子移动进入到照相机的观察区域的时候，可是系统感觉到同时结合注射约束功能。传感器继续扫描，但是读数暂停允许不间断的积分。可视系统在适当的时候激发闸门，同时瓶子的图像在传感器上捕捉到。在垂直熄灭间隔开始的时候，注射机制被释放来返回照相机到正常的状态。在熄灭完成，新的帧扫描开始的时候，所捕捉的图像继续读数。通过使用注射约束功能来即刻“控制”图像指导下一个圈帧开始扫描的时候可以取得不同时的图像，允许完整图像的读数。
The Frame Reset feature increases throughput speed in freeze frame applications. When the bottle in our example moves into position, the vision system triggers Frame Reset, which resets the camera for new frame scanning. The strobe is fired and the image is captured on the sensor during the vertical blanking interval. Image readout proceeds at the completion of blanking when new frame scanning begins. The vision system resets the camera asynchronously in response to random events, providing almost immediate readout of the captured images. 60 FPS CID cameras asynchronously capture and read out well over 1800 images per minute. Implementing windowing or reading smaller frames allows even higher throughput rates. CID overview provided by: CID Technology, 101 Commerce Blvd, Liverpool, NY 13088 (315) 451-9421 帧复位功能增加了在冻结帧应用方面的流量速度。在此案例中的瓶子移动到位的时候，可是系统引发帧复位，从而复位照相机用于新的帧扫描。闸门被开启，传感器在垂直熄灭间隔中捕捉图像。在熄灭完成新的帧扫描开始的时候，继续读取图像。可视系统不同时的复位照相机来响应任意的事件，提供所捕捉的图像几乎即刻的读数。60FPS每秒60帧的照相机不同时的可以捕捉并读取高到1800幅图像。采用窗口技术或者读取更小的帧可以允许更高的流量速度。
• CID-38 provided for baseline information only. All other devices in silicon by 2/96. All devices (except 38) have 2D random pixel addressing, 2D pixel binning on-chip and non-destructive readout. • CID-88 also has dual exposure charge differencing.
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