As a first order approximation, it is reasonable to consider ρ as a constant over the entire mid-IR range. For metallic substrates at near grazing incidence, ρ is very close to and less than 1, and in contrast, γ may very from zero to infinity depending on the preferential polarization of the optical setup. However, if the polarizing effects of all optical parts of the PM-IRRAS setup are minimized, γ can be kept very close to 1. A(d) in general should be positive according to Equation (6-6), since whenγρ<1 the surface bands on an experimental PM-IRRAS spectrum defined by Equation (6-2) are oriented upwards above the J2(ψ0) curve, and subsequently the normalized PM-IRRAS signal is greater than 1, and whenγρ<1, the surface bands are oriented downwards below the J2(ψ0) curve and subsequently the normalized signal is less than 1. For a typical sample, i.e. an organic thin film on a gold-coated substrate, ρ≈0.95 (at σ=1000cm-1, ρ varies very little across the entire mid-IR spectrum) and γ≈1, Equation (6-6) then reduces to: