有害物质 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES (TOXIC, DANGEROUS, CARCINOGENIC, AND MUTAGENIC/TERATOGENIC) 有害物质 (有毒的、危险的、致癌的、导致体内突变或者畸变的物质) 1. TOXIC SUBSTANCES（有毒物质） Any volatile substances which are dangerous when inhaled must be handled only in an adequately ventilated area or in a fume hood. 严格的讲，任何可挥发性、吸入时有害的药品，都必须在通风性好的地方或者是通风橱中处理。 a) Benzene： Benzene is particularly dangerous since it causes blood diseases. Avoid using it as a solvent. Chronic poisoning is possible following. prolonged inhalation of minute quantities of benzene. Avoid skin contact. It is a known carcinogen. 避免用苯作溶剂，避免皮肤接触，它是已知的致癌物质之一。 b) Carbon tetrachloride and chloroform Carbon tetrachloride and chloroform have specific dangers: They can be absorbed through the skin. These substances can eventually cause functional disorders of the kidney and the liver even at low concentrations. They are suspected carcinogens. CCl4和CHCl3在很低的浓度下就容易引起肾和肝脏的失调，并且它们也是被怀疑为可致癌的物质之一。 c) Cyanides and Nitriles Cyanides and Nitriles are some of the most acutely toxic substances known; they react very quickly “in vivo” when they are present in the ambient environment. Symptoms of poisoning (weakness, difficulty in breathing, nausea) appear as soon as these substances have been absorbed, inhaled, or ingested. Contact with acid liberates a highly toxic gas. The inhalation of a very minute amount of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) can be fatal. 氰化物和氰是已知最毒的物质之一，氰化物在体内反应很快，中毒的症状表现为虚弱、呼吸困难、恶心，而且当你吸入或者咽下以后症状出现很快。与酸性物质接触以后放出高毒性的气体(HCN)，吸入一定在数分钟内将会死亡。
d) Phenols Solutions of phenols are very dangerous. Phenols are absorbed rapidly through the skin during contact. If rapid and complete decontamination is not effected immediately, serious poisoning and even death could occur, depending on the concentration of the solvent and the amount of body surface that is contaminated. 苯酚很溶液通过皮肤渗入，如果没有计时的清洗，严重中毒或者死亡都可能发生。
e) Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen fluoride is extremely corrosive. Due to the absence of immediate pain, penetration can be extensive and lead to serious injury. It can cause severe eye irritation and skin burns. HF酸，有很强烈的腐蚀性，不是马上就能感觉到疼痛，所以它很容易扩散开，导致皮肤和眼睛的受伤。
f) Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen sulfide is very toxic. Inhalation causes respiratory paralysis. It can also damage the eyes and mucous membranes. Small cylinders of it are commercially available for laboratory use. CAUTION: The gas can be easily synthesized by action of dilute acids on sulfides. Waste gas should be passed through scrubbers before venting. H2S也是非常毒的，吸入是有麻醉作用。H2S其他在含硫物质与稀酸作用的时候很容易生成。
2. DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES Perchloric acid 高氯酸 Perchlorate esters, when exposed to impact, behave in the same manner as nitroglycerine. 高氯酸酯受到冲击时与硝化甘油类似会爆炸。 b) Organic Peroxides 有机过氧化物 Some organic peroxides are very unstable and very dangerous. Due to their high sensitivity to heat, friction, impact, sparks, light, and oxidizing and reducing agents, they can cause violent explosions. 有机过氧化物对热、摩擦、冲击、火花、氧化和还原性试剂很敏感，可能产生爆炸。
To minimize the risks of such peroxides, the following precautions must be taken:Buy only the necessary quantities of peroxides needed. Use only the minimum amount necessary. Never replace unused peroxidein the original container.Immediately clean up spilled peroxide. If a volatile solvent must be used, avoid losses due to evaporation which could increase the peroxide concentration。 当使用挥发性溶剂时，避免蒸发以免使过氧化学浓度增加。 Avoid flames, sources of heat, and direct sunlight.Store peroxides at as low a temperature as possible above the freezing point, so as to minimize the rate of decomposition. 过氧化物应该在低温(0度以上)保存，以减小分解反应的速率。 Do not cool liquid peroxides, or those in solution, to temperatures where they could solidify or precipitate because in this form they are extremely sensitive to impact and to heat(在此状态对温度和冲击敏感).
3. CARCINOGENS 致癌物质
Carcinogens and substances capable of inducing cancer. These substances must be subject to strict guidelines such as those published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer when they are stored, used, and disposed of. Avoid exposure where exposure is unavoidable, keep it as low as reasonably achievable. The list of known carcinogens is continually updated. (See next page for some examples of carcinogens). 致癌类物质要避免直接暴露在空气中，其名单以国际癌症研究中心公布的数据为准。
4. MUTAGENS AND TERATOGENS Mutagens are substances causing permanent transmissible alterations in genetic information. Teratogens are agents interfering with normal prenatal development causing abnormalities in the fetus. Exposure to mutagens and teratogens should be kept as low as possible. 诱发突变性物质，是指那些引起在基因中的可遗传的 变化的物质。诱发畸变性物质，是指可以引起胎儿在 出生前产生不正常变化的物质。
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