副标题
图表(附说明)
示意图(附说明和注解)
方程
表格(正确格式化的)
Remember to think of a paper as a collection of experimental results, summariz
ed as clearly and economically as possible in figures, tables, equations, and
schemes. The text in the paper serves just to explain the data, and is seconda
ry. The more information that can be compressed into tables, equations, etc.,
the shorter and more readable the paper will be.
记住把文章看作实验结果的集合,并尽可能清晰和简洁地总结在图表,表格,方程和示意
图中。论文中的正文是为解释数据服务的,因而它是次要的。可以被压缩进表格,方程等
的信息越多,文章越短,越易读。
Conclusion. In the outline, summarize the conclusions of the paper as a list
of short phrases or sentences. Do not repeat what is in the Results section, u
nless special emphasis is needed. The Conclusions section should be just that,
and not a summary. It should add a new, higher level of analysis, and should
indicate explicitly the significance of the work.
结论。在提纲里,总结论文中的结论应是由一些简短的短语或句子组成。除非是为了特殊
的强调,一般不要重复在结果部分已经有的结论。结论部分应该是像上面说的那样,而不
仅仅只是一个总结。它应该增加新的,更高层次的分析,并且应该明确地指出这项工作的
意义。
Experimental. Include, in the correct order to correspond to the order in the
Results section, all of the paragraph subheadings of the Experimental section
.
实验部分。包括所有实验部分的副标题,顺序与结果部分要相对应。
In summary:
总结:
- Start writing possible outlines for papers early in a project. Do not wait u
ntil the “end”. The end may never come.
在一个项目开始时,就应该着手去写可能的论文提纲,而不要等到论文结束的时候。研究
可能永远没有结尾可言。
- Organize the outline and the paper around easily assimilated data - tables,
equations, figures, schemes - rather than around text.
整理提纲和论文要围绕易于接受的数据—表格,方程式,图表,示意图,而不是围绕正文
。
- Organize in order of importance, not in chronological order. An important de
tail in writing paper concerns the weight to be given to topics. Neophytes oft
en organize a paper in terms of chronology: that is, they recount their experi
mental program, starting with their cherished initial failures and leading up
to a climactic successful finale. This approach is completely wrong. Start wit
h the most important results, and put the secondary results later, if at all.
The reader usually does not care how you arrived at your big results, only wha
t they are. Shorter papers are easier to read than longer ones.
不是按照时间顺序, 而应按重要性来整理。论文写作的一个重要细节是要考虑各部分的权
重。新手常常按照时间顺序来写论文:他们常常从珍爱的开始时的失败写起,直到最后的
成功来叙述实验过程。这种方法是完全错误的。应该从最重要的结果写起,然后是较重要
的结果。读者们通常不关心你是怎么得到的结果,而只关心结果是什么。短文章比长文章
更易读。
Some Points of English Style
英文文体上的一些要点:
1) Do not use nouns as adjectives:
不要将名词误用为副词:
不合适的: 正确的:
ATP formation formation of ATP
生成ATP
reaction product product of the reaction
反应产物
2) The word “this” must always be followed by a noun, so that its reference
is explicit
在“this”后面必须接名词,这样“this”所指的对象就会更加清楚。
不合适的: 正确的:
this is a fast reaction this reaction is fast
这是一个快反应
this leads us to conclude this observation leads us to conclude
这个观察结果使我们推断出
3) Describe experimental results uniformly in the past tense.
描述实验结果一律要用过去时态。
不合适的: 正确的:
Addition of water gives product addition of water gave product
加水后生成产物
4) Use the active voice whenever possible.
尽可能使用主动语态。
不合适的: 正确的:
It was observed that the solution turned red. The solution turned red Or We ob
served that the solution turned red.
溶液变成了红色。或, 我们观察到溶液变成了红色。
5) Complete all comparisons.
所有的比较都应该是完整的。
不合适的: 正确的:
The yield was higher using bromine The yield was higher using bromine than chl
orine.
用溴比用氯时产出率高。
6) Type all papers double-spaced (not single-or one-and-a-half spaced), and le
ave 1 space after colons, commas, and after periods at the end of sentences. L
eave generous margins. (generally, 1.25” on both sides & top & bottom).
打文章时,要使用两倍行距(不用一倍或一倍半)。冒号、逗号和句末的句号后要空一格
。要留出足够的页边空间。(通常,在文章两侧、页首和页尾留出1.25英寸的空间)
Assume that we will write all papers using the style of the American Chemical
Society. You can get a good idea of this style from three sources:
假定我们所有的文章都采用美国化学会的格式。你可以通过以下三种方式来了解这种格式
:
1) The Journal. Simply look at articles in the journals and copy the organizat
ion you see there.
1)杂志。浏览杂志中的文章,并且模仿你所看到的文章结构。
2) Previous papers from the group. By looking at previous papers, you can see
exactly how a paper should “look”. If what you wrote looks different, it pr
obably is not what we want.
2)组里以往发表的文章。通过读以往发表的文章,你可以确切地知道一篇文章“看”起来
应该怎样。如果你写的文章与众不同,那麽它可能不是我们想要的。
3) The ACS Style Guide: A Manual for Authors and Editors. (Janet S. Dodd, Edit
or Washington, D.C. USA 1997) . Useful detail, especially the section on refer
ences.
3) ACS的编辑的作者手册:A Manual for Authors and Editors. (Janet S. Dodd,
Editor Washington, D.C. USA 1997) 含有有用的细节,特别是针对引文部分。
I also suggest you read Strunk and White, The Elements of Style (Longman: New
York, 2000, 4th edition) to get a sense for English usage. Two excellent books
on the design of graphs and figures are: “The Visual Display of Quantitative
Information” by Edward R. Tufte, Graphics Press (1983)— and “Envisioning I
nformation” also by Edward R. Tufte, Graphics Press (1990).
我也建议你们读一读Strunk和White撰写的《The Elements of Style》一书(Longman: N
ew York, 2000年, 第4版),从中可以找到一些使用技巧。关于图表的设计也有两本非常
精彩的书:《The Visual Display of Quantitative Information》,Edward R. Tufte著
,Graphics Press出版社(1983);《Envisioning Information》Edward R. Tufte著,
Graphics Press出版社(1990)。
*Originally written for the group of Whitesides, and the English polished furt
her by Barbara Whitesides.