主题:【资料】教你写论文

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美国科学家院院士教你写论文
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qdzhao2008
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转贴:如何阅读文献


之一

1。由点到面。选工作实践中的疑点,热点,由一个小枝节,检索较全的文献,一般近期的
20 篇左右已经相当多了。之所以不必在意3年以前的,是因为知识更新非常快,且网上能
查到的多为近几年的全文。学习别人是怎么发现解决问题的。知道目前对这个问题的共同
看法,和分歧。然后,扩展开,根据兴趣和研究的目的,知道,在研究的领域:谁的文章
被引用的次数多,谁的文章最多最新最有启发性。去图书馆找他的文章看全文。逐步扩展
自己的视野,构建个人的专业知识结构和看法。

2。由杂到精。有了一定的知识基础以后,对于繁杂的文献,要有个人的判断。追踪某个专
题、某个专家的研究进展,比较对于同一专题的论点的发展,掌握其新的方法或新结论,
或注意作者观点的改变,探究其原因。培养个人的学术修养。对于高质量高水平的期刊,
定期浏览,从面上了解学术进展和热点,根据个人的兴趣和工作进展,逐篇仔细阅读新作
.

3。好记性不如烂笔头。无论是工作中的点滴发现,思想火花,都应该写下来。我和王忠诚
院士、顾玉东院士的接触中,发现他们都有记卡片的习惯。病例随访、文献观点,等等。
到写作文章时,都是现成的材料。现在有了电脑,但是写文献综述是一个完善知识结构的
好方法。随时记下论点,个人心得,会有事半功倍的成绩。无论写在纸上,还是记载在电
脑内,都应该有一个记事簿,并且经常整理。

4。对于下载的文献,要以其内容建立以专题杂志按时间先后的专门分类。哪些需要仔细阅
读并保存,哪些用处不大,待删除,哪些需要阅读却尚未阅读。以后想到时,还能及时找
到。

5。天天学习。文献天天有。如果只作为一个收藏家,就失去了研究的意义。下载的目的是
学习。通过阅读,掌握专业领域的方法和知识。只要坚持学习,就会积累起自己的知识架
构。水到渠成,游刃有余。

之二:

对于初次进入一个领域的新手,必须阅读大量的文献,才能把握本领域的动态和方向。

记得一个留洋的研究生说,起初导师让他读大量的文献,而且每天都规定了数量,好像是
100篇吧?由于刚刚接触这一领域,对许多问题还没有什么概念,读起来十分吃力,许多内
容也读不懂。请教导师,却被告知只要每天把数量读够就行了。后来随着阅读量的增加,
终于最后融汇贯通,也理解了导师的方法。
所以,我觉得对新手而言,应当重视阅读文献的数量,积累多了,自然就由量变发展为质
变了。
而且,每个作者的研究方法多少有所区别,读得多了,渐渐就会比较出研究方法的优点和
缺点,对自己今后的研究大有裨益。
其实,由于现在科技进步很快,即使是自己从事的领域,也有很多新技术、新观点不停的
出现,所以,即使是个“老手”,如果懒于更新自己的知识,也会很快落后。

之三
在文献多如牛毛的今天,其感觉犹如日益增多的帖子,在不想漏掉好东西的前提下

1 把握动态,每天入园后先浏览一遍自上次登陆以来的新帖子,感兴趣的再看看,必要时
保存或收藏,这大体相当与杂志的目录,以此保证不会漏掉新的东西

2 回过头来重点看看感兴趣版块的精华帖、高人气帖、加密帖等,这相当于感兴趣砖头杂
志的综述、评论、或是cutting edge(JI)之类的

3 好东西不仅仅只在感兴趣版块,其他版块也有一些,在空的时候看看其他版块的精华帖
、高人气帖、加密帖等,这相当于相关砖头杂志的综述、评论、或是cutting edge(JI)
之类的

4 用搜索功能查找特定关键词的帖子,大体相当于定题检索

5 随着对领域的熟悉,特别是对大师级人物的熟悉,有时可看看这些作者的帖子

6 在信息的今天,没谁敢说已经超一流,不需再接受新的东西;更没有人能够熟悉所有的
领域

之四
邹承鲁院士写他是如何读文献的:
无论题目从何而来,都必需紧密追踪当前有关科学领域发展的动向。从研究生时代开始,
在导师 教导下,以周围同学为榜样,我就养成了每周必定去图书馆浏览最新期刊的习惯,
几十年如一日,雷打不动。如果确实有事,下周必定补上。我当时有一个小记录册,登录
所有对本专业重要的刊物,每期读过后,一定做记录,决不遗漏一期,直至今日。现在可
以在网上阅读所有重要刊物的目录和摘要,这就更容易做到了。掌握文献、对文献进行综
合,以批判的眼光评价文献,并从中提取出有用的和正确的信息以指导今后的研究是一个
能独立工作的科学工作者必备的能力。

阅读文献以追踪当前发展动态时,务须切记发挥自己判断力,不可盲从,即使是知名科学
家和教科书有时也会有错误。古人说得好:“ 尽信书不如无书”。在追踪当前发展的重要
方向时切记,你看到的问题别人也同样会看到,越是重要的问题竞争必然越是剧烈,在研
究条件不如人时,如果没有创新的研究思想,独到的研究方案是不可能超越他人得到成功
的。虽然国际上也有对于某些重要课题一哄而起的情况,但在我国似乎特别严重。缺乏自
己的创新思想而片面一哄而起追求热点,是一条必然失败的路线,最多只能是为别人成果
锦上添花,或做一些小修小补的工作而已。关键在于自己的创新思想。创新思想来自何处
,虽然灵机一动产生了重要的创新思想,在科学史上确实有所记载,但这毕竟是比较罕见
的,而远远更为常见的是天才出于勤奋,创新出于积累,积累可以是个人积累,也可以是
本人所在单位的长期积累。这就是前面提到的旺火炉原理,也是诺贝尔奖经常出在少数几
个单位的原因。只有勤奋努力才能不断有优秀工作的积累,才可能在工作中逐渐产生真正
创新的,别人无法剽窃的创新思想,才有可能在重大问题上取得突破。而在一个炉火熊熊
的旺火炉中,不断会有优秀工作的积累,优秀人才的产生,并且创新思想和人才的不断相互作用,相互启发,相互激励,就会不断创造出新的突破性成果。

之五:
MIT人工智能(AI)实验室的教授和学生总结的如何读论文,还不错!
阅读论文是需要练习的技能。不可能完整地阅读所有的论文。
阅读论文可分为三个阶段:

第一阶段是看论文中是否有感兴趣的东西。AI论文含有摘要,其中可能有内容的介绍,但
是也有可能没有或者总结得不好,因此需要你跳读,这看一点那看一点,了解作者究竟做
了些什么。内容目录(the table of contents)、结论部分(conclusion)和简介(int
roduction)是三个重点。如果这些方法都不行,就只好顺序快速浏览了。一旦搞清楚了论
文的大概和创新点,就可以决定是否需要进行第二阶段了。

在第二阶段,要找出论文真正具有内容的部分。很多15页的论文可以重写为一页左右的篇
幅;因此需要你寻找那些真正激动人心的地方,这经常隐藏于某个地方。论文作者从其工
作中所发现的感兴趣的地方,未必是你感兴趣的,反之亦然。
最后,如果觉得该论文确实有价值,返回去通篇精读。  读论文时要牢记一个问题,“我
应该如何利用该论文?”“真的像作者宣称的那样么?”“如果……会发生什么?”。理
解论文得到了什么结论并不等同于理解了该论文。理解论文,就要了解论文的目的,作者
所作的选择(很多都是隐含的),假设和形式化是否可行,论文指出了怎样的方向,论文
所涉及领域都有哪些问题,作者的研究中持续出现的难点模式是什么,论文所表达的策略
观点是什么,诸如此类。

之六
1.多数文章看摘要,少数文章看全文
掌握了一点查全文的技巧,往往会以搞到全文为乐,以至于没有时间看文章的内容,更不
屑于看摘要。真正有用的全文并不多,过分追求全文是浪费,不可走极端。当然只看摘要
也是不对的。

2.集中时间看文献
看过总会遗忘。看文献的时间越分散,浪费时间越多。集中时间看更容易联系起来,形成
整体印象。
3.做好记录和标记
复印或打印的文献,直接用笔标记或批注。pdf 或html 格式的文献,可以用编辑器标亮或
改变文字颜色。这是避免时间浪费的又一重要手段。否则等于没看。
4.准备引用的文章要亲自看过。
转引造成的以讹传讹不胜枚举。
5.注意文章的参考价值。
刊物的影响因子、文章的被引次数能反映文章的参考价值。但要注意引用这篇文章的其它
文章是如何评价这篇文章的:支持还是反对,补充还是纠错。
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原著:George M. Whitesides (美国)

译者:张希,林志宏



What is a scientific paper? A paper is an organized description of hypotheses,

data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader. Papers are a central p

art of research. If your research does not generate papers, it might just as w

ell not have been done. “Interesting and unpublished” is equivalent to “non

-existent.”

什么是科技论文?科技论文是集假说、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述,以此向读者论述

。论文是研究工作的中心部分。如果你的研究没有写成论文,也就等同于没有做研究。有

意义但没有发表,等同于不存在。

Realize that your objective in research is to formulate and test hypotheses,

to draw conclusions from these tests, and to teach these conclusions to others
.
Your objective is not to “collect data.”

要意识到研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说,从一些测试中得出结论,并把结论传授给别

人。你的研究目的不是简单的收集数据。

A paper is not just an archival device for storing a completed research progra

m, it is also a structure for planning your research in progress. If you clear

ly understand the purpose and form of a paper, it can be immensely useful to y

ou in organizing and conducting your research. A good outline for the paper is

also a good plan for the research program. You should write and rewrite these

plans/outlines throughout the course of the research. At the beginning, you w

ill have mostly plan; at the end, mostly outline. The continuous effort to und

erstand, analyze, summarize, and reformulate hypotheses on paper will be immen

sely more efficient for you than a process in which you collect data and only

start to organize them when their collection is“complete.”

一篇论文并不仅仅是收集已经得到的研究结果,它也有助于形成进一步的研究工作的框架

。如果明确了论文的目的,这对于计划开展你的研究工作有很大益处。好的文章提要也是

研究工作的好计划,在研究的过程中,应该反复修改这些计划或提要。研究工作开始时,

应有完善的计划;工作结束时,应充分的总结。最有效率的做法是及时的理解, 分析,

总结, 形成假说; 而不是等到完成时才开始收集和整理数据。

The reason for outlines. I emphasize the central place of an outline in writin

g papers, preparing seminars, and planning research. I especially believe that

for you, and for me, it is most efficient to write papers from outlines. An o

utline is a written plan of the organization of a paper, including the data on

which it rests. You should, in fact, think of an outline as a carefully organ

ized and presented set of data, with attendant objectives, hypotheses and conc

lusions, rather than an outline of text.

为什么要写提纲?我在这里要强调提纲在论文写作,准备报告以及研究计划中的重要作用

。我尤其相信按照提纲进行写作对我们大家都是最有效的方法。提纲是一篇论文的行文计

划,应该包括论文所依靠的数据。事实上,提纲不仅仅是列出各段的内容, 而是按照目的

, 假说, 结论来精心组织数据。

An outline itself contains little text. If you and I can agree on the details

of the outline (that is, on the data and organization), the supporting text ca

n be assembled fairly easily. If we do not agree on the outline, any text is u

seless. Much of the time in writing a paper goes into the text; most of the th

ought goes into the organization of the data and into the analysis. It can be

relatively efficient to go through several (even many) cycles of an outline be

fore beginning to write text; writing many versions of the full text of a pape

r is slow.

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提纲本身应该文字简练。如果大家都同意提纲中的细节部分,那么正文组织起来就更容易

。在我们就提纲达成一致以前,写正文是没有意义的。 写文章时,大部份时间花在写正文

上;而大部份思考是用在整理和分析数据。在动笔前,详细讨论几遍写作提纲会提高写作

效率;写很多遍正文反倒很慢。

All the writing that I do - papers, reports, proposals (and, of course, slides

for seminars)- I do from outlines. I urge you to learn how to use them as wel

l.

我写的所有文章,包括论文,报告, 建议(当然还有讨论会的胶片)都从提纲开始。我也

希望你们能学会使用它。

How should you construct an outline? The classical approach is to start with a

blank piece of paper, and write down, in any order, all important ideas that

occur to you concerning the paper. Ask yourself the obvious questions:“Why di

d I do this work?” “What does it mean?”“What hypothesis did I mean to test

?”“What ones did I actually test?”“What were the results?”“Did the work

yield a new method or compound? What?”“What measurements did I make?”“What

compounds? How were they characterized?” Sketch possible equations, figures,

and schemes. It is essential to try to get the major ideas written down. If y

ou start the research to test one hypothesis, and decide, when you see what yo

u have, that the data really seem to test some other hypothesis better, don t

worry. Write them both down, and pick the best combinations of hypotheses, obj

ectives and data. Often the objectives of a paper when it is finished are diff

erent from those used to justify starting the work. Much of good science is op
portunistic and revisionist.

你应该如何起草你的提要?最经典的方法就是找一页空白的纸,以任何顺序,写下与这篇

文章有关的所有重要观点。自问一些显而易见的问题:为什么我要做这项工作?它意味着

什么? 我要验证哪些假设? 我究竟验证了哪些假设? 结果如何? 这项工作产生了新方法

或新物质吗?都是什么?我都做了那些测试?什么化合物? 它们是如何表征的?展示相关

的方程,图表和示意图。试着写出主要的观点。如果你的研究开始是为证实一个假设,然

而当你发现你有的数据仿佛真的可以更好地验证其它的假设时,你也不必担心。把它们两

者都写出来,去选择假设,目的和数据的最佳组合。时常,当一篇文章完成时,它的目的

和开始时是不同的。许多好的科学来自机遇和反复修正。

When you have written down what you can, start with another piece of paper and

try to organize the jumble of the first one. Sort all of your ideas into thre

e major heaps (A-C).

当你已经写下你能写的,再拿出一页纸,试着草拟一份提纲。将你的观点分成三大类(见

A,B,C)

A) Introduction

Why did I do the work? What were the central motivations and hypotheses?

A)引言

为什么我要做这件工作,主要的目的和假设是什么?

B) Results and Discussion

What were the results? How were compounds made and characterized? What was mea

sured?

B)结果和讨论

结果是什么?化合物是怎样合成与表征的?测试方法是什么?

C) Conclusions

What does it all mean? What hypotheses were proved or disproved? What did I le

arn? Why does it make a difference?

C)结论

所有这一切意味着什么?证实或否定了什么假设?我学到了什么?结果为什么与众不同?



Next, take each of these sections, and organize it on yet finer scale. Concen

trate on organizing the data. Construct figures, tables, and schemes to presen

t the data as clearly and compactly as possible. This process can be slow - I

may sketch a figure 5-10 times in different ways, trying to decide how it is m

ost clear (and looks best aesthetically).

      接下来, 把每一部分再仔细组织。尤其是要集中整理数据。要尽可能把数据以清

晰、紧凑的图表来展示。这个过程也许会慢些。我可能要用5~10次,而且是以不同的方式

,来构思一张图,以便决定怎样它才最清楚(而且看上去更加美观)。

Finally, put everything—outline of sections, tables, sketches of figures, eq

uations - in good order.

最后,把所有这些—内容的提纲、表格、草图、方程式,排好顺序。

When you are satisfied that you have included all the data (or that you know w

hat additional data you intend to collect), and have a plausible organization,

give the outline to me. Simply indicate where missing data will go, how you t

hink (hypothesize) they will look, and how you will interpret them if your hyp

othesis is correct. I will take this outline, add my opinions, suggest changes

, and return it to you. It usually takes 4-5 repeated attempts (often with add

itional experiments) to agree on an outline. When we have agreed, the data are

usually in (or close to) final form (that is, the tables, figures, etc., in t

he outline will be the tables, figures,…in the paper.)

当你已经囊括了所有的数据(或者你明确知道你还需要收集哪些额外的数据),有了一个

合理的构架,你对这些都感到满意时,将大纲交给我。简要地标明哪些地方还缺数据,你

认为(或推测)这些数据大概是什么样。如果你的推测是正确的,你将如何去解释它。拿

到你的大纲后,我将把我的观点,建议反馈给你。一般,我们需要四或五个来回才能达成

一致(中间经常还需要补做一些实验)。在我们的意见一致后,所有的数据通常以最终(

或接近最终的)形式确定下来(也就是说,在提纲中的表格,图表等最终将成为文章中的

表格,图表)。

You can then start writing, with some assurance that much of your prose will b

e used.

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然后,你就可以开始动笔写,注意你写的这些大多将用于正文。

The key to efficient use of your and my time is that we start exchanging outli

nes and proposals as early in a project as possible. Do not, under any circums

tances, wait until the collection of data is “complete” before starting to w

rite an outline. No project is ever complete, and it saves enormous effort and

much time to propose a plausible paper and outline as soon as you see the bas

ic structure of a project. Even if we decide to do significant additional work

before seriously organizing a paper, the effort of writing an outline will ha

ve helped to guide the research.

合理使用我们的时间的关键是,我们应尽可能早地交换提纲和建议。在任何情况下,都不

要等到你已经收集“全”了数据之后才开始动笔写提纲。研究是永无止境的。当你看到你

的结果初具雏形时,就要立即开始准备构思文章和提纲,这将节省你很多的精力和时间。

即便在认真组织成文前,我们已经决定补做重要的其他实验,试着写一个提纲也一定对研

究有指导意义。

The outline

提纲

What should an outline contain?

提纲需要包括哪些内容?

Title:

Authors:

Abstract: Do not write an abstract. That can be done when the paper is complet

e.

标题:

作者:

摘要:不要着急写摘要,可以等文章写完后再写。

Introduction: The first paragraph or two should be written out completely. Pa

y particular attention to the opening sentence. Ideally, it should state conci

sely the objective of the work, and indicate why this objective is important.



引言:文章的第1或2段应该完全用来写引言。要特别注意写好开头一句话。最好是简洁地

陈述工作的目的,并指明该工作为什么重要。

In general, the Introduction should have these elements:

The objectives of the work.

The justification for these objectives: Why is the work important?

Background: Who else has done what? How? What have we done previously?

Guidance to the reader. What should the reader watch for in the paper? What ar

e the interesting high points? What strategy did we use?

一般而言,引言应该包含以下几个要素:

工作目的。

对工作目的评价:该工作为什么很重要?

      工作背景:谁做了什么工作?做得怎么样?以前我们做了哪些工作?

导读:读者应该注意该文章的哪些方面?有意义的要点有哪些?我们用到了哪些策略?



Summary conclusion. What should the reader expect as conclusion? In advanced

versions of the outline, you should also include all the sections that will go

in the Experimental section (at this point, just as paragraph subheadings).



总结结论。读者期望什么样的结论呢?在提纲的前几个版本中,你应该包括实验部分中涉

及到的所有内容。(在这一点上,就像是段落的副标题)。

Results and Discussion. The results and discussion are usually combined. This

section should be organized according to major topics. The separate parts sho

uld have subheadings in boldface to make this organization clear, and to help

the reader scan through the final text to find the parts that interest him or

her. The following list includes examples of the phrases that might plausibly

serve as section headings:

结果和讨论。通常,结论和讨论是合在一起的。这一部分应根据主题来进行组织。分段应

有黑体字的副标题,目的是使文章更有条理,能帮助读者清楚地通览全文,并找到他们感

兴趣的内容。下面列举一些适合作副标题的短语:

Synthesis of Alkane Thiols

烷基硫醇的合成

Characterization of Monolayers

单层膜的表征

Absolute Configuration of the Vicinal Diol Unit

邻二醇单元的绝对构像

Hysteresis Correlates with Roughness of the Surface

滞后现象与表面粗糙度的关系

Dependence of the Rate Constant on Temperature

温度对速率常数的影响

The Rate of Self-Exchange Decreases with the Polarity of the Solvent

自交换速率随溶剂极化度而降低

Try to make these section headings as specific and information-rich as possibl

e. For example, the phrase “The Rate of Self-Exchange Decreases with The Pola

rity of The Solvent” is obviously longer than “Measurement of Rates,” but m

uch more useful to the reader. In general, try to cover the major common point

s:

尽可能使副标题具体并且内容丰富。例如,“The Rate of Self-Exchange Decreases wi

th The Polarity of The Solvent”这个短语明显比“Measurement of Rates”长,但是

对读者更有帮助。一般来说,尽量概括该段落的共同点。

Synthesis of starting materials

初始材料的合成

Characterization of products

产物的表征

Methods of characterization

表征方法

Methods of measurement

测量方法

Results (rate constants, contact angles, whatever)

结果(速率常数,接触角,其它)

In the outline, do not write any significant amount of text, but get all the

data in their proper place: any text should simply indicate what will go in th

at section.

Section Headings

Figures (with captions)

Schemes (with captions and footnotes)

Equations

Tables (correctly formatted)

在提纲中,不要罗列大量的正文内容,而是要给出数据应放的合适位置:任何正文应该简

明地指出那段中包括了什么数据。
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副标题

图表(附说明)

示意图(附说明和注解)

方程

表格(正确格式化的)



Remember to think of a paper as a collection of experimental results, summariz

ed as clearly and economically as possible in figures, tables, equations, and

schemes. The text in the paper serves just to explain the data, and is seconda

ry. The more information that can be compressed into tables, equations, etc.,

the shorter and more readable the paper will be.

记住把文章看作实验结果的集合,并尽可能清晰和简洁地总结在图表,表格,方程和示意

图中。论文中的正文是为解释数据服务的,因而它是次要的。可以被压缩进表格,方程等

的信息越多,文章越短,越易读。

Conclusion. In the outline, summarize the conclusions of the paper as a list

of short phrases or sentences. Do not repeat what is in the Results section, u

nless special emphasis is needed. The Conclusions section should be just that,

and not a summary. It should add a new, higher level of analysis, and should

indicate explicitly the significance of the work.

结论。在提纲里,总结论文中的结论应是由一些简短的短语或句子组成。除非是为了特殊

的强调,一般不要重复在结果部分已经有的结论。结论部分应该是像上面说的那样,而不

仅仅只是一个总结。它应该增加新的,更高层次的分析,并且应该明确地指出这项工作的

意义。

Experimental. Include, in the correct order to correspond to the order in the

Results section, all of the paragraph subheadings of the Experimental section

.

实验部分。包括所有实验部分的副标题,顺序与结果部分要相对应。



In summary:

总结:



- Start writing possible outlines for papers early in a project. Do not wait u

ntil the “end”. The end may never come.

在一个项目开始时,就应该着手去写可能的论文提纲,而不要等到论文结束的时候。研究

可能永远没有结尾可言。

- Organize the outline and the paper around easily assimilated data - tables,

equations, figures, schemes - rather than around text.

整理提纲和论文要围绕易于接受的数据—表格,方程式,图表,示意图,而不是围绕正文



- Organize in order of importance, not in chronological order. An important de

tail in writing paper concerns the weight to be given to topics. Neophytes oft

en organize a paper in terms of chronology: that is, they recount their experi

mental program, starting with their cherished initial failures and leading up

to a climactic successful finale. This approach is completely wrong. Start wit

h the most important results, and put the secondary results later, if at all.

The reader usually does not care how you arrived at your big results, only wha

t they are. Shorter papers are easier to read than longer ones.

不是按照时间顺序, 而应按重要性来整理。论文写作的一个重要细节是要考虑各部分的权

重。新手常常按照时间顺序来写论文:他们常常从珍爱的开始时的失败写起,直到最后的

成功来叙述实验过程。这种方法是完全错误的。应该从最重要的结果写起,然后是较重要

的结果。读者们通常不关心你是怎么得到的结果,而只关心结果是什么。短文章比长文章

更易读。

 

Some Points of English Style

英文文体上的一些要点:

1) Do not use nouns as adjectives:

不要将名词误用为副词:

不合适的: 正确的:
ATP formation formation of ATP
  生成ATP
reaction product product of the reaction
  反应产物

2) The word “this” must always be followed by a noun, so that its reference

is explicit

在“this”后面必须接名词,这样“this”所指的对象就会更加清楚。

不合适的: 正确的:
this is a fast reaction this reaction is fast
  这是一个快反应
this leads us to conclude this observation leads us to conclude
  这个观察结果使我们推断出

3) Describe experimental results uniformly in the past tense.

描述实验结果一律要用过去时态。

不合适的: 正确的:
Addition of water gives product  addition of water gave product
加水后生成产物
 

4) Use the active voice whenever possible.

尽可能使用主动语态。

不合适的: 正确的:
It was observed that the solution turned red. The solution turned red Or We ob

served that the solution turned red.
  溶液变成了红色。或, 我们观察到溶液变成了红色。

5) Complete all comparisons.

所有的比较都应该是完整的。

不合适的: 正确的:
The yield was higher using bromine The yield was higher using bromine than chl

orine.
  用溴比用氯时产出率高。

6) Type all papers double-spaced (not single-or one-and-a-half spaced), and le

ave 1 space after colons, commas, and after periods at the end of sentences. L

eave generous margins. (generally, 1.25” on both sides & top & bottom).

打文章时,要使用两倍行距(不用一倍或一倍半)。冒号、逗号和句末的句号后要空一格

。要留出足够的页边空间。(通常,在文章两侧、页首和页尾留出1.25英寸的空间)

Assume that we will write all papers using the style of the American Chemical

Society. You can get a good idea of this style from three sources:

假定我们所有的文章都采用美国化学会的格式。你可以通过以下三种方式来了解这种格式



1) The Journal. Simply look at articles in the journals and copy the organizat

ion you see there.

1)杂志。浏览杂志中的文章,并且模仿你所看到的文章结构。

2) Previous papers from the group. By looking at previous papers, you can see

exactly how a paper should “look”. If what you wrote looks different, it pr

obably is not what we want.

2)组里以往发表的文章。通过读以往发表的文章,你可以确切地知道一篇文章“看”起来

应该怎样。如果你写的文章与众不同,那麽它可能不是我们想要的。

3) The ACS Style Guide: A Manual for Authors and Editors. (Janet S. Dodd, Edit

or Washington, D.C. USA 1997) . Useful detail, especially the section on refer

ences.

    3) ACS的编辑的作者手册:A Manual for Authors and Editors. (Janet S. Dodd,

Editor Washington, D.C. USA 1997) 含有有用的细节,特别是针对引文部分。

I also suggest you read Strunk and White, The Elements of Style (Longman: New

York, 2000, 4th edition) to get a sense for English usage. Two excellent books

on the design of graphs and figures are: “The Visual Display of Quantitative

Information” by Edward R. Tufte, Graphics Press (1983)— and “Envisioning I

nformation” also by Edward R. Tufte, Graphics Press (1990).

我也建议你们读一读Strunk和White撰写的《The Elements of Style》一书(Longman: N

ew York, 2000年, 第4版),从中可以找到一些使用技巧。关于图表的设计也有两本非常

精彩的书:《The Visual Display of Quantitative Information》,Edward R. Tufte著

,Graphics Press出版社(1983);《Envisioning Information》Edward R. Tufte著,

Graphics Press出版社(1990)。

*Originally written for the group of Whitesides, and the English polished furt

her by Barbara Whitesides.


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