主题：【资料】EURACHEM/CITAC Guide:Traceability in Chemical Measurement

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Contents
EURACHEM/CITAC Guide: Traceability in Chemical Measurement i
Preface i
Contents 1
1 Scope and Field of Application 3
2 Introduction 3
3 Principles of traceability 6
3.1 Methods, Measurands and Results 6
3.2 Measurement scales, standards and units 6
3.3 Calibration 7
3.4 Effects on measurement results 7
3.5 Controlling fixed conditions 8
3.6 Controlling variables with calibration standards 9
3.7 Common references allow arbitrary definition 11
3.8 Role of method development 11
3.9 Role of method validation 11
3.10 Traceability and measurement uncertainty 12
4 Traceability: The International Definition 13
5 International System of Quantities and Units (SI) 13
6 Establishing Traceability 15
6.1 Essential activities in establishing traceability 15
6.2 Specifying the measurand and required uncertainty 15
6.3 Choosing a suitable method 16
6.4 Validation 16
6.5 Importance of different influence quantities 18
6.6 Choosing and applying appropriate reference standards 18
6.7 Uncertainty estimation 19
7 Choice of the Reference 20
7.1 Introduction 20
7.2 Physical measurements 20
7.3 Confirmation of identity 21
7.4 Calibration with certified reference materials 21
7.5 Calibration with other materials 22
7.6 Calibration using reference data 23
7.7 Reference materials for Method Development, Validation and Verification. 23
7.8 Assessing the traceability of commercial reference materials 24
8 Reporting Traceability 24
9 Conclusion 25
10 Bibliography 26
Appendix: Examples of Establishing Traceability 27
1. Preparation of a calibration standard 28
2. Cadmium Release from Ceramic Ware 32

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