主题：【第二期专业英语翻译之星——Chris】

原文由 nj_wjg_nj 发表:
To avoid confusion, it should be noted that different adsorption methods are named solid-phase extraction【6】. First ofall, these are techniques based on the use of chemically bonded complexing groupings【10】. Commercially available Kelex-100,containing iminodiacetate functions is one of best known adsorbents of this kind.【7,8】 A number of adsorption materials with various classical chelating groups as well as with macrocycles attached to silica gel by a chemical bond are applied.【9,10】 There are some new technologies that have appeared in SPE and SPE-related products.  Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) involves the sorption of analytes onto a microfiber, which is made of a fused-silica fiber coated with a hydrophobic polymer.  SPME is usually followed by direct desorption in the inlet of a gas chromatograph.【11,12】 This method can be considered as a microvariant of extraction chromatography【13】 There are some new phases for SPE including highly cross-linked copolymers, graphitized carbon for adsorbing polar organic compounds, internal reversed-phase sorbents for clean-up of complex biological materials, etc.【6】
为了避免混淆，必须注意被命名为固相萃取的不同吸附方法。【6】首先，它们都是基于采用了化学方法结合的配位组分的技术。【10】商业上用到的萃取剂Kelex-100，含有亚氨基双乙酸盐官能团，是这类吸附剂中最为人熟知的。许多吸附性物质得到了应用，这些物质具有各种各样的传统的鳌合物基团以及大的环烷基，它们通过化学键附在硅胶上。【9,10】在固相萃取领域中也出现了一些新技术以及与固相萃取相关的产品。固相微萃取（SPME）是一种包含了对微纤表面物质进行分离的技术，这里的微纤是一种表面复合了一层厌水聚合物的玻璃纤维。固相微萃取（SPME）通常用于在气体套色复制入口的直接解析。【11,12】这已经被作为套色版微量萃取的一种方法。还有一些固相萃取的新的物相，包括高度耦合的共聚物、用于吸附极性有机化合物的被石墨化的碳物质、用于清除复杂的生物材料的内部倒相的吸附剂等等。【6】

chromatography一词是上期的主题哟，应该是“色谱”的意思。再次翻译了一下。
尽管吸附方法不同，但都被叫着固相萃取，为了避免混淆，这一点必须加以注意【6】。首先，这些固相萃取方法都是基于使用化学键合配位组分的技术【10】。商业上已有的萃取剂Kelex-100是这类吸附剂中最为人熟知的一个，它含有亚氨基双乙酸盐官能团。具有各种典型鳌合基团以及大环的吸附性物质都得到使用，它们是通过化学键附在硅胶上的【9,10】。其次，在固相萃取领域中也出现了一些新技术以及与固相萃取相关的产品。固相微萃取（SPME）就是其中的一个，它就是将被分析物吸附到微纤表面，而微纤是由一种表面涂有疏水聚合物的熔性硅石纤维组成。SPME之后常常是在气相色普的入口处的直接解析【11,12】。这种方法可以看作是萃取色普技术的微小改动。相关的产品是出现了一些固相萃取的新的物相，包括高度耦合的共聚物、用于吸附极性有机化合物的石墨化碳、用于清除复杂生物物质的内反相吸附剂，等等【6】。

这一次参加的人好少。。。

为什么参加的人这么少呢？！
大家加油啊！

以下是本次活动各位参加者选取的所有段落，我尝试翻译了一下，供大家参考。因为我没有从事过固相萃取的相关工作，所以可能有些地方翻译的并不准确。

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is an effective tool for the preconcentration of trace elements and their separation from various sample constituents. Octadecyl and other alkyl-bonded silica gels are most widely used for these purposes. The fundamentals of the SPE of inorganic ions are reviewed and compared with those of related techniques (liquid–liquid extraction and reversed-phase liquid chromatography). The extraction of ions in the form of chelate compounds, inorganic salts solvated by neutral reagents, and ion-pair compounds is considered. Numerous applications of SPE to the separation and preconcentration of different elements and their species, including on-line combinations with instrumental determination techniques, are described and tabulated.
固相萃取（SPE）是微量元素预浓缩以及从复杂组成样品中将其分离出来的有效工具。十八烷基和其他烷基键合硅胶在此领域的应用最为广泛。本文总结了无机离子SPE的原理，并与其他相关的技术（液-液萃取和反相液相色谱）进行了比较。离子可以以鳌合化合物、中性试剂溶剂化的无机盐和离子对化合物的形式萃取。本文说明并列表比较了SPE在分离和预浓缩各种元素及其化合物方面的各种应用，包括与仪器分析技术的在线联用。

Preconcentration and separation processes are often needed for the determination of trace elements in environmental samples, high-purity materials and other matrices.1–4 Solid-phase extraction (SPE) with the use of alkyl-bonded and other surfacemodified silica gels has been used in the last 15 years as an alternative to liquid–liquid extraction in the analysis of various samples. The method is simple; it enables the rapid and complete isolation of the analytes of interest from a complex matrix with a preconcentration factor of several orders of magnitude to be achieved. A surface-modified adsorbent is a support bearing at the surface of a chemically bonded “monomolecular” layer of adsorbing groups, which provides fast kinetics of the recovery and elution of the molecules and ions under study.5–9 SPE by use of alkyl-bonded silica gels has been widely applied in the environmental analysis of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, substances of biochemical origin and other organic compounds. However, its application in metal extraction and preconcentration has been much less extensive, although the capabilities of the technique in inorganic analysis also appear to be very promising.
环境样品、高纯材料和其他基体中微量元素的确定通常需要预浓缩和分离过程。在过去的15年中，使用烷基键合或其他表面改性硅胶的固相萃取（SPE）成为样品分析中液-液萃取的替代方法。这种方法简单，能够快速而完全的将目的物从复杂基体中分离出来，并且预浓缩因子可达到几个数量级。表面改性的吸附剂是载体，在表面上承载与吸附官能团化学键合的“单分子”层，这为待研究离子和分子的快速回收和洗脱提供了动力学基础。使用烷基键合硅胶的SPE已经广泛用于聚芳香烃、杀虫剂、源自生物化学的物质和其他有机化合物的环境分析。然而，尽管这项技术在无机分析领域也表现出具有非常广阔的前景，但它在金属萃取和预浓缩中的应用仍较少。

To avoid confusion, it should be noted that different adsorption methods are named solid-phase extraction【6】. First ofall, these are techniques based on the use of chemically bonded complexing groupings【10】. Commercially available Kelex-100,containing iminodiacetate functions is one of best known adsorbents of this kind.【7,8】 A number of adsorption materials with various classical chelating groups as well as with macrocycles attached to silica gel by a chemical bond are applied.【9,10】 There are some new technologies that have appeared in SPE and SPE-related products. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) involves the sorption of analytes onto a microfiber, which is made of a fused-silica fiber coated with a hydrophobic polymer. SPME is usually followed by direct desorption in the inlet of a gas chromatograph.【11,12】 This method can be considered as a microvariant of extraction chromatography【13】 There are some new phases for SPE including highly cross-linked copolymers, graphitized carbon for adsorbing polar organic compounds, internal reversed-phase sorbents for clean-up of complex biological materials, etc.【6】
为了避免混淆，应当注意到有几种不同的吸附方法均命名为固相萃取。首先，这些技术都基于化学键合配位基团的应用。商业产品Kelex-100含有亚氨基双乙酸酯官能团，是最为知名的这种类型的吸附剂之一。目前使用的很多吸附材料中具有各种经典配位基团或大环结构与硅胶化学键合。在SPE及其相关产品中出现了一些新技术。固相微萃取（SPME）技术将待分析物吸附在微纤维上，此微纤维由熔融二氧化硅制成并涂覆了疏水性聚合物。SPME通常随后在气相色谱的入口进行直接解吸。这种方法可以被看作是萃取色谱的微型变体。有几种新的固定相可用于SPE，包括高度交联的共聚物、石墨化的碳用于吸附极性有机化合物、内部反相吸附剂用于清除配位生物材料等。

Alkyl-bonded sorbents have been mainly studied for SPE in inorganic analysis; our attention in this paper will be focused on such materials. The most simple mode of metal preconcentration by SPE is based on the addition of a soluble complexing reagent to the test solution, followed by the adsorption of metal complexes formed on an alkyl-bonded material. Another mode in SPE involves a preliminary dynamic modification of a similar adsorbent, e.g. by a solution of a chelating agent, which is retained at the material surface during the following separation process due to non-covalent interactions. Thus-prepared sorbents possess the properties of materials bearing covalently-bonded chelating functions. Both modes of SPE are examined in this paper.
对烷基键合的吸附剂的研究主要针对SPE在无机分析中的应用；这篇文章中我们的注意力将集中在这类材料上。用SPE进行金属预浓缩的最为简单的模式是向测试溶液中加入可溶性配位试剂，随后将金属配合物吸附在烷基键合的材料上。SPE的另一个模式包括对类似吸附剂的预先动力学改性，例如利用鳌合剂溶液，由于非共价相互作用，鳌合剂在随后的分离过程中将会固定在材料表面。这样制备的吸附剂的性质与承载共价键连接鳌合官能团材料的性质相同。本文总结了这两种SPE模式。

Like most of separation methods, SPE is based on the distribution of a solute between two phases. Both batch and column variants of SPE can be used for preconcentration purposes. The column mode can be considered as a version of reversed phase liquid–solid chromatography (RP LSC).13 In fact, alkyl-bonded stationary phases with the alkyl length nc= 8, 16, or 18 and different grain sizes are most often used.Chromatographic retention is conveniently described by the capacity factor, k, which is defined as ki = qi,s /qi,m , where q i,sand qi,m denote the total quantity of a solute (i) to be present in the stationary phase (s) and the mobile phase (m), respectively.14,15 The higher is the k value, the better is the solute retained, and the later is eluted from the column. Correspondingly, the separation selectivity can be defined as the relative retention of βi,j , which is sometimes called the separation factor,expressed in terms of the capacity factors,βi,j = kj /ik. If the preconcentration of a group of dissolved ions or molecules is required, the k values for all of the solutes should be as close as possible.
与大部分的分离方法相同，SPE是根据溶质在两相之间的分配。SPE的批变量和柱变量均可用于预浓缩。柱模式可以看作是反相液-固色谱（RP LSC）的改进。事实上，烷基链长度nc＝8、16或18以及各种颗粒尺寸的烷基键合固定相最为常用。色谱保留能力通常用容量因子k描述，定义为ki = qi,s /qi,m，其中qi,s和qi,m分别指溶质（i）在固定相（s）和流动相（m）中的含量。K值越高，溶质的保留能力越高，从柱中流出的越晚。相应的，分离选择性可以定义为相对保留能力βi,j，有时也被称作分离因子，用容量因子来表达，βi,j = kj /ik。如果需要预浓缩一组溶解的离子或分子，所有溶质的k值应当尽可能接近。

Two approaches can be applied to the treatment of SPE experimental data. The first one may be based on the Snyder “competition” model, which describes the distribution of a solute between liquid and solid phases.14,15 In this model it is assumed that the solid surface is covered with mobile-phase molecules, and that solute molecules have to compete with the solvent molecules in this adsorption layer to occupy an adsorption site. It is the difference between the affinity of the mobile phase and that of solute for the stationary phase that determines the retention in LSC and, therefore, in SPE according to the competition model. Snyder14 formulated the following equation that interrelates the distribution coefficient KD = ci,s/ci,m (c denotes concentration in one phase) with the adsorption area of the solute molecule Ai and the adsorption energy of the solute on a standard adsorbent Si 0: log KD = log Va + α(Si0 – AiE0), (1)
where Va is the volume of the adsorbed solvent per gram of the stationary phase and α is the adsorbent activity. In the frames of the second model, which is more practical for our further speculations, the distribution of a solute in SPE can be considered as a partition between two liquid phases. By definition, the capacity factor is a dimensionless quantity, which is in this case described by
k = KDVs/Vm, (2)
where Vs and Vm are the volumes of the stationary and liquid phases, respectively. It is assumed in this model that the analyte-containing phase is a homogeneous solution. Because relative values are used in the calculations, in both cases the experimental values of the capacity factors allow us to discuss the dependence of the chromatographic efficiency on both the properties of the stationary phase and the solutes to be separated and the experimental conditions.
两种方法可以用于处理SPE实验数据。第一种基于Snyder的“竞争”模型，它描述了溶质在液相和固相之间的分配。在此模型中，假定固体表面覆盖流动相分子，溶质分子必须与吸附层中的溶剂分子相竞争来占据吸附位置。正是溶质与流动相和与固定相之间亲和力的差异决定了在LSC中的保留作用，而在SPE中则是根据竞争模型。Snyder提出了一下公式，将分配系数 KD = ci,s/ci,m（c指在一相中的浓度）与溶质分子的面积Ai和溶质在标准吸附剂SiO上的吸附能联系在仪器：
log KD = log Va + α(Si0 – AiE0), (1)
其中Va指每克固定相上吸附的溶剂的体积，α是吸附剂活性。在更利于我们进行推测的第二种模型中，溶质在SPE中的分配可以被看作是在两个液相之间的分割。根据定义，容量因子是无因次量，在此可定义为
k = KDVs/Vm, (2)
其中Vs和Vm分别是固定相和液相的体积。在此模型中可以假定含有被分析物的相是均匀溶液。因为在计算中使用了相对值，在这两种情况下我们都可以使用容量因子的实验值讨论柱效与固定相和待分离溶质的性质以及实验条件之间的关系。