61 MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF NONSTERILE PRODUCTS: MICROBIAL ENUMERATION TESTS
INTRODUCTION
The tests described hereafter will allow quantitative enumeration of mesophilic bacteria and fungi that may grow under aerobic conditions.
The tests are designed primarily to determine whether a substance or preparation complies with an established specification for microbiological quality. When used for such purposes, follow the instructions given below, including the number of samples to be taken, and interpret the results as stated below.
The methods are not applicable to products containing viable microorganisms as active ingredients.
Alternative microbiological procedures, including automated methods, may be used, provided that their equivalence to the Pharmacopeial method has been demonstrated.
GENERAL PROCEDURES
Carry out the determination under conditions designed to avoid extrinsic microbial contamination of the product to be examined. The precautions taken to avoid contamination must be such that they do not affect any microorganisms that are to be revealed in the test.
If the product to be examined has antimicrobial activity, this is, insofar as possible, removed or neutralized. If inactivators are used for this purpose, their efficacy and their absence of toxicity for microorganisms must be demonstrated.
If surface-active substances are used for sample preparation, their absence of toxicity for microorganisms and their compatibility with any inactivators used must be demonstrated.
ENUMERATION METHODS
Use the Membrane Filtration method or one of the Plate-Count Methods, as directed. The Most-Probable-Number (MPN) Method is generally the least accurate method for microbial counts; however, for certain product groups with very low bioburden, it may be the most appropriate method.
The choice of a method is based on factors such as the nature of the product and the required limit of microorganisms. The method chosen must allow testing of a sufficient sample size to judge compliance with the specification. The suitability of the chosen method must be established.
Change to read:
GROWTH PROMOTION TEST, 6 SUITABILITY OF THE COUNTING METHOD AND NEGATIVE CONTROLS6
General Considerations
The ability of the test to detect microorganisms in the presence of product to be tested must be established.
Suitability must be confirmed if a change in testing performance or a change in the product that may affect the outcome of the test, is introduced.
Preparation of Test Strains
Use standardized stable suspensions of test strains or prepare as stated below. Seed-lot culture maintenance techniques (seed-lot systems) are used so that the viable microorganisms used for inoculation are not more than five passages removed from the original master seed-lot. Grow each of the bacterial and fungal test strains separately as described in Table 1.
Table 1. Preparation and Use of Test Microorganisms
Microorganism Preparation of Test
Strain Growth Promotion Suitability of Counting Method in the Presence of Product
Total Aerobic
Microbial Count Total Yeasts and Molds Count Total Aerobic
Microbial Count Total Yeasts and Molds Count
Staphylococcus aureus such as ATCC 6538, NCIMB 9518, CIP 4.83, or NBRC 13276 Soybean–Casein Digest Agar or Soybean–Casein Digest Broth
30–35
18–24 hours Soybean–Casein Digest Agar and Soybean–Casein Digest Broth
100 cfu
30–35
3 days Soybean–Casein Digest Agar/MPN
Soybean–Casein Digest Broth
100 cfu
30–35
3 days
Pseudomonas aeruginosa such as ATCC 9027, NCIMB 8626, CIP 82.118, or NBRC 13275 Soybean–Casein Digest Agar or Soybean–Casein Digest Broth
30–35
18–24 hours Soybean–Casein Digest Agar and Soybean–Casein Digest Broth
100 cfu
30–35
3 days Soybean–Casein Digest Agar/MPN
Soybean–Casein Digest Broth
100 cfu
30–35
3 days
Bacillus subtilis such as ATCC 6633, NCIMB 8054, CIP 52.62, or NBRC 3134 Soybean–Casein Digest Agar or Soybean–Casein Digest Broth
30–35
18–24 hours Soybean–Casein Digest Agar and Soybean–Casein Digest Broth
100 cfu
30–35
3 days Soybean–Casein Digest Agar/MPN
Soybean–Casein Digest Broth
100 cfu
30–35
3 days
Candida albicans such as ATCC 10231, NCPF 3179, IP 48.72, or NBRC 1594 Sabouraud Dextrose Agar or Sabouraud Dextrose Broth
20–25
2–3 days Soybean–Casein Digest Agar
100 cfu
30–35
5 days Sabouraud
Dextrose Agar
100 cfu
20–25
5 days Soybean–Casein Digest Agar
100 cfu
30–35
5 days
MPN: not applicable Sabouraud
Dextrose Agar
100 cfu
20–25
5 days
Aspergillus niger such as ATCC 16404, IMI 149007, IP 1431.83, or NBRC 9455 Sabouraud Dextrose Agar or Potato–Dextrose Agar
20–25 5–7 days, or until good sporulation is achieved Soybean–Casein Digest Agar
100 cfu
30–35
5 days Sabouraud
Dextrose Agar
100 cfu
20–25
5 days Soybean–Casein Digest Agar
100 cfu
30–35
5 days
MPN: not applicable Sabouraud
Dextrose Agar
100 cfu
20–25
5 days
Use Buffered Sodium Chloride–Peptone Solution pH 7.0 or Phosphate Buffer Solution pH 7.2 to make test suspensions; to suspend A. niger spores, 0.05% of polysorbate 80 may be added to the buffer. Use the suspensions within 2 hours, or within 24 hours if stored between 2 and 8. As an alternative to preparing and then diluting a fresh suspension of vegetative cells of A. niger or B. subtilis, a stable spore suspension is prepared and then an appropriate volume of the spore suspension is used for test inoculation. The stable spore suspension may be maintained at 2 to 8 for a validated period of time.
Negative Control
To verify testing conditions, a negative control is performed using the chosen diluent in place of the test preparation. There must be no growth of microorganisms. A negative control is also performed when testing the products as described under Testing of Products. A failed negative control requires an investigation.6
Growth Promotion of the Media
Test each batch of ready-prepared medium and each batch of medium prepared either from dehydrated medium or from the ingredients described.
Inoculate portions/plates of Soybean–Casein Digest Broth and Soybean–Casein Digest Agar with a small number (not more than 100 cfu) of the microorganisms indicated in Table 1, using a separate portion/plate of medium for each. Inoculate plates of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with a small number (not more than 100 cfu) of the microorganisms indicated in Table 1, using a separate plate of medium for each. Incubate according to the conditions described in Table 1.
For solid media, growth obtained must not differ by a factor greater than 2 from the calculated value for a standardized inoculum. For a freshly prepared inoculum, growth of the microorganisms comparable to that previously obtained with a previously tested and approved batch of medium occurs. Liquid media are suitable if clearly visible growth of the microorganisms comparable to that previously obtained with a previously tested and approved batch of medium occurs.
Suitability of the Counting Method in the Presence of Product
preparation of the sample
The method for sample preparation depends on the physical characteristics of the product to be tested. If none of the procedures described below can be demonstrated to be satisfactory, a suitable alternative procedure must be developed.
Water-Soluble Products— Dissolve or dilute (usually a 1 in 10 dilution is prepared) the product to be examined in Buffered Sodium Chloride–Peptone Solution pH 7.0, Phosphate Buffer Solution pH 7.2, or Soybean–Casein Digest Broth. If necessary, adjust to a pH of 6 to 8. Further dilutions, where necessary, are prepared with the same diluent.
Nonfatty Products Insoluble in Water— Suspend the product to be examined (usually a 1 in 10 dilution is prepared) in Buffered Sodium Chloride–Peptone Solution pH 7.0, Phosphate Buffer Solution pH 7.2, or Soybean–Casein Digest Broth. A surface-active agent such as 1 g per L of polysorbate 80 may be added to assist the suspension of poorly wettable substances. If necessary, adjust to a pH of 6 to 8. Further dilutions, where necessary, are prepared with the same diluent.
Fatty Products— Dissolve in isopropyl myristate sterilized by filtration, or mix the product to be examined with the minimum necessary quantity of sterile polysorbate 80 or another noninhibitory sterile surface-active reagent heated, if necessary, to not more than 40 or, in exceptional cases, to not more than 45. Mix carefully and if necessary maintain the temperature in a water bath. Add a sufficient quantity of the prewarmed chosen diluent to make a 1 in 10 dilution of the original product. Mix carefully, while maintaining the temperature for the shortest time necessary for the formation of an emulsion. Further serial 10-fold dilutions may be prepared using the chosen diluent containing a suitable concentration of sterile polysorbate 80 or another noninhibitory sterile surface-active reagent.
Fluids or Solids in Aerosol Form— Aseptically transfer the product into a membrane filter apparatus or a sterile container for further sampling. Use either the total contents or a defined number of metered doses from each of the containers tested.
Transdermal Patches— Remove the protective cover sheets (“release liners”) of the transdermal patches and place them, adhesive side upwards, on sterile glass or plastic trays. Cover the adhesive surface with a suitable sterile porous material (e.g., sterile gauze) to prevent the patches from sticking together, and transfer the patches to a suitable volume of the chosen diluent containing inactivators such as polysorbate 80 and/or lecithin. Shake the preparation vigorously for at least 30 minutes.
inoculation and dilution
Add to the sample prepared as directed above and to a control (with no test material included) a sufficient volume of the microbial suspension to obtain an inoculum of not more than than 100 cfu. The volume of the suspension of the inoculum should not exceed 1% of the volume of diluted product.
To demonstrate acceptable microbial recovery from the product, the lowest possible dilution factor of the prepared sample must be used for the test. Where this is not possible due to antimicrobial activity or poor solubility, further appropriate protocols must be developed. If inhibition of growth by the sample cannot otherwise be avoided, the aliquot of the microbial suspension may be added after neutralization, dilution, or filtration.
neutralization/removal of antimicrobial activity
The number of microorganisms recovered from the prepared sample diluted as described in Inoculation and Dilution and incubated following the procedure described in Recovery of Microorganisms in the Presence of Product, is compared to the number of microorganisms recovered from the control preparation.
If growth is inhibited (reduction by a factor greater than 2), then modify the procedure for the particular enumeration test to ensure the validity of the results. Modification of the procedure may include, for example,
An increase in the volume of the diluent or culture medium;
Incorporation of a specific or general neutralizing agents into the diluent;
Membrane filtration; or
A combination of the above measures.
Neutralizing Agents— Neutralizing agents may be used to neutralize the activity of antimicrobial agents (see Table 2). They may be added to the chosen diluent or the medium preferably before sterilization. If used, their efficacy and their absence of toxicity for microorganisms must be demonstrated by carrying out a blank with neutralizer and without product.
Table 2. Common Neutralizing Agents/Methods for
Interfering Substances
Interfering Substance Potential Neutralizing
Agents/Method
Glutaraldehyde, mercurials Sodium hydrogen sulfite
(Sodium bisulfite)
Phenolics, alcohol, aldehydes, sorbate Dilution
Aldehydes Glycine
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), parahydroxybenzoates (parabens), bis-biguanides Lecithin
QACs, iodine, parabens Polysorbate
Mercurials Thioglycollate
Mercurials, halogens, aldehydes Thiosulfate
EDTA (edetate) Mg or Ca ions
If no suitable neutralizing method can be found, it can be assumed that the failure to isolate the inoculated organism is attributable to the microbicidal activity of the product. This information serves to indicate that the article is not likely to be contaminated with the given species of the microorganism. However, it is possible that the product inhibits only some of the microorganisms specified herein, but does not inhibit others not included among the test strains or those for which the latter are not representative. Then, perform the test with the highest dilution factor compatible with microbial growth and the specific acceptance criterion.
recovery of microorganisms in the presence of product
For each of the microorganisms listed, separate tests are performed. Only microorganisms of the added test strain are counted.
Membrane Filtration— Use membrane filters having a nominal pore size not greater than 0.45 µm. The type of filter material is chosen in such a way that the bacteria-retaining efficiency is not affected by the components of the sample to be investigated. For each of the microorganisms listed, one membrane filter is used.
Transfer a suitable quantity of the sample prepared as described under Preparation of the Sample, Inoculation and Dilution, and Neutralization/Removal of Antimicrobial Activity (preferably representing 1 g of the product, or less if large numbers of cfu are expected) to the membrane filter, filter immediately, and rinse the membrane filter with an appropriate volume of diluent.
For the determination of total aerobic microbial count (TAMC), transfer the membrane filter to the surface of the Soybean–Casein Digest Agar. For the determination of total combined yeasts and molds count (TYMC), transfer the membrane to the surface of the Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Incubate the plates as indicated in Table 1. Perform the counting.
Plate-Count Methods— Perform plate-count methods at least in duplicate for each medium, and use the mean count of the result.
Pour-Plate Method— For Petri dishes 9 cm in diameter, add to the dish 1 mL of the sample prepared as described under Preparation of the Sample, Inoculation and Dilution, and Neutralization/Removal of Antimicrobial Activity and 15 to 20 mL of Soybean–Casein Digest Agar or Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, both media maintained at not more than 45. If larger Petri dishes are used, the amount of agar medium is increased accordingly. For each of the microorganisms listed in Table 1, at least two Petri dishes are used.
Incubate the plates as indicated in Table 1. Take the arithmetic mean of the counts per medium, and calculate the number of cfu in the original inoculum.
Surface-Spread Method— For Petri dishes 9 cm in diameter, add 15 to 20 mL of Soybean–Casein Digest Agar or Sabouraud Dextrose Agar at about 45 to each Petri dish, and allow to solidify. If larger Petri dishes are used, the volume of the agar is increased accordingly. Dry the plates, for example, in a laminar-airflow cabinet or in an incubator. For each of the microorganisms listed in Table 1, at least two Petri dishes are used. Spread a measured volume of not less than 0.1 mL of the sample, prepared as directed under Preparation of the Sample, Inoculation and Dilution, and Neutralization/Removal of Antimicrobial Activity over the surface of the medium. Incubate and count as directed for Pour-Plate Method.
Most-Probable-Number (MPN) Method— The precision and accuracy of the MPN Method is less than that of the Membrane Filtration method or the Plate-Count Method. Unreliable results are obtained particularly for the enumeration of molds. For these reasons, the MPN Method is reserved for the enumeration of TAMC in situations where no other method is available. If the use of the method is justified, proceed as follows.
Prepare a series of at least three serial 10-fold dilutions of the product as described for Preparation of the Sample, Inoculation and Dilution, and Neutralization/Removal of Antimicrobial Activity. From each level of dilution, three aliquots of 1 g or 1 mL are used to inoculate three tubes with 9 to 10 mL of Soybean–Casein Digest Broth. If necessary a surface-active agent such as polysorbate 80, or an inactivator of antimicrobial agents may be added to the medium. Thus, if three levels of dilution are prepared, nine tubes are inoculated.
Incubate all tubes at 30 to 35 for not more than 3 days. If reading of the results is difficult or uncertain owing to the nature of the product to be examined, subculture in the same broth or in Soybean–Casein Digest Agar for 1 to 2 days at the same temperature, and use these results. From Table 3, determine the most probable number of microorganisms per g or mL of the product to be examined.
Table 3. Most-Probable-Number Values of Microorganisms
Observed Combinations
of Numbers of Tubes
Showing Growth in Each Set MPN per g or
per mL of
Product 95%
Confidence
Limits
Number of g or mL of Product per Tube
0.1 0.01 0.001
0 0 0 <3 0–9.4
0 0 1 3 0.1–9.5
0 1 0 3 0.1–10
0 1 1 6.1 1.2–17
0 2 0 6.2 1.2–17
0 3 0 9.4 3.5–35
1 0 0 3.6 0.2–17
1 0 1 7.2 1.2–17
1 0 2 11 4–35
1 1 0 7.4 1.3–20
1 1 1 11 4–35
1 2 0 11 4–35
1 2 1 15 5–38
1 3 0 16 5–38
2 0 0 9.2 1.5–35
2 0 1 14 4–35
2 0 2 20 5–38
2 1 0 15 4–38
2 1 1 20 5–38
2 1 2 27 9–94
2 2 0 21 5–40
2 2 1 28 9–94
2 2 2 35 9–94
2 3 0 29 9–94
2 3 1 36 9–94
3 0 0 23 5–94
3 0 1 38 9–104
3 0 2 64 16–181
3 1 0 43 9–181
3 1 1 75 17–199
3 1 2 120 30–360
3 1 3 160 30–380
3 2 0 93 18–360
3 2 1 150 30–380
3 2 2 210 30–400
3 2 3 290 90–990
3 3 0 240 40–990
3 3 1 460 90–1980
3 3 2 1100 200–4000
3 3 3 >1100
results and interpretation
When verifying the suitability of the Membrane Filtration method or the Plate-Count Method, a mean count of any of the test organisms not differing by a factor greater than 2 from the value of the control defined in Inoculation and Dilution in the absence of product must be obtained. When verifying the suitability of the MPN Method, the calculated value from the inoculum must be within 95% confidence limits of the results obtained with the control.
If the above criteria cannot be met for one of more of the organisms tested with any of the described methods, the method and test conditions that come closest to the criteria are used to test the product.
TESTING OF PRODUCTS
Amount Used for the Test
Unless otherwise directed, use 10 g or 10 mL of the product to be examined taken with the precautions referred to above. For fluids or solids in aerosol form, sample 10 containers. For transdermal patches, sample 10 patches.
The amount to be tested may be reduced for active substances that will be formulated in the following conditions: the amount per dosage unit (e.g., tablet, capsule, injection) is less than or equal to 1 mg, or the amount per g or mL (for preparations not presented in dose units) is less than 1 mg. In these cases, the amount of sample to be tested is not less than the amount present in 10 dosage units or 10 g or 10 mL of the product.
For materials used as active substances where the sample quantity is limited or batch size is extremely small (i.e., less than 1000 mL or 1000 g), the amount tested shall be 1% of the batch unless a lesser amount is prescribed or justified and authorized.
For products where the total number of entities in a batch is less than 200 (e.g., samples used in clinical trials), the sample size may be reduced to two units, or one unit if the size is less than 100.
Select the sample(s) at random from the bulk material or from the available containers of the preparation. To obtain the required quantity, mix the contents of a sufficient number of containers to provide the sample.
Examination of the Product
membrane filtration
Use a filtration apparatus designed to allow the transfer of the filter to the medium. Prepare the sample using a method that has been shown to be suitable as described in Growth Promotion Test and Suitability of the Counting Method, transfer the appropriate amount to each of two membrane filters, and filter immediately. Wash each filter following the procedure shown to be suitable.
For the determination of TAMC, transfer one of the membrane filters to the surface of Soybean–Casein Digest Agar. For the determination of TYMC, transfer the other membrane to the surface of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Incubate the plate of Soybean–Casein Digest Agar at 30 to 35 for 3 to 5 days and the plate of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar at 20 to 25 for 5 to 7 days. Calculate the number of cfu per g or per mL of product.
When examining transdermal patches, separately filter 10% of the volume of the preparation described for Preparation of the Sample through each of two sterile filter membranes. Transfer one membrane to Soybean–Casein Digest Agar for TAMC and the other membrane to Sabouraud Dextrose Agar for TYMC.
plate-count methods
Pour-Plate Method— Prepare the sample using a method that has been shown to be suitable as described in Growth Promotion Test and Suitability of the Counting Method. Prepare for each medium at least two Petri dishes for each level of dilution. Incubate the plates of Soybean–Casein Digest Agar at 30 to 35 for 3 to 5 days and the plates of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar at 20 to 25 for 5 to 7 days. Select the plates corresponding to a given dilution and showing the highest number of colonies less than 250 for TAMC and 50 for TYMC. Take the arithmetic mean per culture medium of the counts, and calculate the number of cfu per g or per mL of product.
Surface-Spread Method— Prepare the sample using a method that has been shown to be suitable as described in Growth Promotion Test and Suitability of the Counting Method. Prepare at least two Petri dishes for each medium and each level of dilution. For incubation and calculation of the number of cfu, proceed as directed for the Pour-Plate Method.
most-probable-number method
Prepare and dilute the sample using a method that has been shown to be suitable as decribed in Growth Promotion Test and Suitability of the Counting Method. Incubate all tubes for 3 to 5 days at 30 to 35. Subculture if necessary, using the procedure shown to be suitable. Record for each level of dilution the number of tubes showing microbial growth. Determine the most probable number of microorganisms per g or mL of the product to be examined from Table 3.
Interpretation of the Results
The total aerobic microbial count (TAMC) is considered to be equal to the number of cfu found using Soybean–Casein Digest Agar; if colonies of fungi are detected on this medium, they are counted as part of TAMC. The total combined yeasts and molds count (TYMC) is considered to be equal to the number of cfu found using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar; if colonies of bacteria are detected on this medium, they are counted as part of TYMC. When the TYMC is expected to exceed the acceptance criterion due to the bacterial growth, Sabouraud Dextrose Agar containing antibiotics may be used. If the count is carried out by the MPN Method, the calculated value is TAMC.
When an acceptance criterion for microbiological quality is prescribed, it is interpreted as follows:
101 cfu: maximum acceptable count = 20;
102 cfu: maximum acceptable count = 200;
103 cfu: maximum acceptable count = 2000;
and so forth.
The recommended solutions and media are described in Tests for Specified Microorganisms 62
(Official May 1, 2009)
Auxiliary Information— Please check for your question in the FAQs before contacting USP.
Topic/Question Contact Expert Committee
General Chapter Radhakrishna S Tirumalai, Ph.D.
Senior Scientist
1-301-816-8339 (MSA05) Microbiology and Sterility Assurance
USP32–NF27 Page 71
USP32–NF27 Supplement : No. 1 Page 3926
Pharmacopeial Forum: Volume No. 29(5) Page 1714
我的社区
签到
【七月征文】不一YOUNG实验“猿”
报名开启：ICS2024第十三届光谱网络会议！
巡检超百家 丹纳赫集团参与第四届客户关怀季
推荐收藏！盘点中药材及饮片检测解决方案
