微波法是通过微波辐射的热效应及产生的电磁波效应，使细胞内的温度升高压力增大，细胞壁破裂，使细胞内部的有效成分从细胞中释放出来的一种方法。微波提取操作简单高效，溶剂消耗少、节能安全、有效成分得率高、不产生噪音等特点，适合于热不稳定成分的提取，应用前景广阔。提取时应注意控制微波火力，避免液体溅出。赖谱富等人采用微波法提取大杯蕈菇柄多糖，得出优化工艺条件为：料液比1:25、微波时间8min、微波功率540w，该条件下大杯蕈菇柄多糖提取率和纯度相比传统热水浸提分别提高了57.7%和30.8％。

1 料液比对猴头菇多糖提取效果的影响

猴头菇子实体粉碎成过20目筛，按重量的20倍、30倍、40倍加入蒸馏水，分别在微波功率为140W的条件下提取10分钟，用3号玻璃坩埚过滤并洗涤残渣得清液，合并清液并定容至250mL，清液用超纯水再稀释10倍后，取1mL滤液测定多糖浓度,每个处理3个重复。

2 浸提时间对猴头菇多糖提取效果的影响

称取等量的子实体粉末（2.00克），按重量的40倍加入蒸馏水，于微波功率为140W的条件下分别提取10、15、20分钟，用3号玻璃坩埚过滤并洗涤残渣得清液，合并清液并定容至250mL，清液用超纯水再稀释10倍后取1mL滤液测定多糖浓度,每个处理3个重复。

3 浸提次数对猴头菇多糖提取效果的影响

称取同等量的子实体粉末（2.00克）三份，按重量的20倍加入蒸馏水，于微波功率为140W的条件下提取10分钟，并分别提取1、2、3次，用3号玻璃坩埚过滤并洗涤残渣得清液，合并清液并定容至250mL，清液用超纯水再稀释10倍后，取1mL滤液测定多糖浓度,每个处理3个重复。

4 正交试验

为进一步探讨浸提参数中的料液比、时间和浸提次数对子实体多糖的影响，进行3因素3水平的正交试验。

单因素试验

1 浸提时间对猴头菇多糖提取效果的影响

以猴头菇粉末为实验材料，在预实验的基础上，确定料液比为1：40（料液比1：20时，微波浸提易使液体变干）、浸提次数为2次的条件下，研究浸提时间对猴头菇粗多糖浸提效果的影响，实验结果如图1。由图1可知，当浸提时间为10min时，猴头菇多糖浸出量较大；随着浸提时间的延长，粗多糖提取液易脱水焦化，故选择浸提时间为10min作为微波浸提的最佳条件。


	[img=,478,298][/img]

图1 微波浸提时间对猴头菇粗多糖浸提的影响

Fig1 Theeffect of wave time on the extraction yield of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide

2、料液比对猴头菇多糖提取效果的影响

以猴头菇粉末为实验材料，微波功率为140W，在浸提次数为2次、微波提取时间为10 min的条件下，研究料液比对猴头菇粗多糖浸提效果的影响，实验结果如图2。由图2可知，当料液比为1：40时，猴头菇多糖浸出量较大；随着料液比加大，粗多糖提取率提高不显著，为了节约成本及提高效率，故选择料液比为1：40作为微波浸提的最佳条件。

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图2料液比对猴头菇粗多糖浸提的影响

Fig2 The effect of solid-liquid ratio onthe extraction yield of H. erinaceus polysaccharide

3 、浸提次数对猴头菇多糖提取效果的影响

以剪碎后的猴头菇子实体为实验材料，微波功率为140W，料液比为1：40、微波提取时间为10 min的条件下，研究浸提次数对猴头菇粗多糖浸提效果的影响，实验结果如图3。由图3可知，随着浸提次数的增大，猴头菇多糖的提取率并没有增大，因此为了节约成本及提高提取效率，故采用浸提次数为2次作为微波浸提的最佳条件。

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图3 浸提次数对猴头菇粗多糖浸提的影响

Fig3 Theeffect of extracting times on the extraction yield of H. erinaceus polysaccharide

4、单因素最佳条件下微波提取法的多糖提取率

表1 微波提取最优条件下多糖提取率

Table1 Theextraction rate of polysaccharide under the optimum condition by wave

实验次数	多糖提取率（%）		平均提取率（%）		RSD（%）
1		5.51		5.51		1.3
2		5.44
3		5.58

在最佳微波提取条件下：浸提时间：10分钟、料液比为1：40、浸提次数：2次的条件下，进行三次平行实验，得到平均粗多糖提取率为5.51%，RSD符合要求。

2、正交试验优化猴头菇粗多糖的提取条件

为进一步探讨微波浸提工艺参数中的浸提时间（A）、料液比（B）、浸提次数（C）对猴头菇多糖得率的影响，分别选取浸提时间（A）、料液比（B）、浸提次数（C）的三个因子不同水平作为试验水平（见表2-10），以猴头菇粗多糖提取率为评价指标，选用L9（3³）正交表安排试验。试验结果如表2-11所示。

表2 正交试验因素水平表

Table2 Factorsand levels of orthogonal experiment

因子	水平1	水平2	水平3
浸提时间A	10min	15 min	20 min
料液比B	1：20	1：30	1：40
浸提次数C	1	2	3

表3 正交试验结果及分析

Table3 Resultsof the orthogonal experiment

实验号		因素				实验指标
实验号		A(浸提时间)	B（料液比）	C（浸提次数）	误差	提取率%
1		1（10）	1（1：20）	1（1）	1	42.0
2		1（10）	2（1：30）	2（2）	2	48.4
3		1（10）	3（1：40）	3（3）	3	47.2
4		2（15）	1（1：20）	2（2）	3	32.5
5		2（15）	2（1：30）	3（3）	1	31.4
6		2（15）	3（1：40）	1（1）	2	31.8
7		3（20）	1（1：20）	3（3）	2	36.9
8		3（20）	2（1：30）	1（1）	3	34.0
9		3（20）	3（1：40）	2（2）	1	39.1
总糖	K₁₁	137.6	111.4	107.8	112.5
	K₁₂	95.7	113.8	120	117.1
	K₁₃	110	118.1	115.5	113.7
	R	14.0	2.2	4.1	1.5
	K₂₁²	18933.76	12409.96	11620.84	12656.25
	K₂₂²	9158.49	12950.44	14400	13712.41
	K₂₃²	12100	13947.61	13340.25	12927.69
	Q	13397.41667	13102.67	13120.36333	13098.78
	S	302.4	7.7	25.4	3.8

表4 正交试验方差分析表

Table4 Analysisof variance table of orthogonal experiment

变异来源	平方和	自由度	均方	F值	显著水平
浸提时间A	302.4	2	151.2	79.68	F_0.05（2,2）=19.0
料液比B	7.7	2	3.8	2.02
浸提次数C	25.4	2	12.7	6.69
误差	3.8	2	1.9
总和	339.3	8

从微波浸提试验的方差分析表4 可知，A因素浸提时间对猴头菇粗多糖的提取有显著影响。料液比及浸提次数为对猴头菇多糖提取的影响不显著，本着节约成本及节省时间的原则，对猴头菇子实体粗多糖微波浸提的最佳工艺条件为：A1B1C2，即在微波功率140W，浸提时间为10min、料液比为1：40、浸提次数为2时，粗多糖浸出量最高，提取率可达5.51%左右。